Manipur News

By N. Arunkumar
Be honest with Sincerity….
The truth will set you free. …
Violence against humans and humanity is as old as the first footsteps of mankind on this planet. There have been eras of course, when man did relax in the magnificence of peaceful co – existence, which gave rise to our great achievements in arts and cultural heritage. Great works of art in terms of paintings, literature, poetries and music were created during moments of peace and tranquillity in the lives of people. Those eras of peace are often referred to as the Golden Eras by us even today. We are of course at a disadvantage however, as we cannot experience those nuances of the Golden Era in our own age, in spite of technological intensity and, colossal achievements in the field of information deluge as well as easy logistics of physically reaching far and wide instantly.

We can fly today, from one corner of the world to the other in a matter of hours. Our power to exchange cultural facts with fellow man from other parts of the world, using the advanced communication equipments at our disposal are greatly improved today. Our abilities to propagate these information’s for our own enrichment has also grown much better today. And yet, we continue to face threats in terms of terrorism, wars and disputes that can actually be effortlessly resolved without bloodshed, if we contemplate on the universality of mankind. But no, man loves the colour of hot liquid crimson. Especially the atypical ones from among the typical ones in our midst love the colour of scarlet.

The terrorist is a different genre of human being altogether. Most of them are robotic in their thought process due to their minds being under control of their vicarious masters. A man or woman getting ready to blow up themselves to smithereens for a greater cause has been a staple diet for them. How many of them have really changed the way the world is today; or how their cause has been served is known only to us, who are alive after having witnessed such events in our lifetime. The World Trade Centre attacks, at the beginning of this century had threatened to be like a cauldron that would generate a vast world war at that time. Yet, nothing of the sort happened as America went about with a clinical method of negating a few of the terrorist masterminds in the form of Saddam Hussein and, lately the much hyped Osama Bin Laden. But, was Saddam really a terrorist? I am yet to be convinced about this particular murder by the Americans. And, the debate on that is very much alive. Where are his speculated WMD’s? Weapons of Mass Destruction!

Osama had been given a larger than life portrait by the media, due mainly on account of his support for the fomenters of trouble to governments across the globe, on real or imagined persecution of Muslims everywhere. Their arguments have always been that the ill treatment meted out to the followers of Islam calls for the Jihad, a religious form of crusade to uphold the true values of Islam. The prophet Mohammed (PBUH) had never actually preached violence in his lifetime or in the saying’s of the Holy Koran. The perpetrators of violence however continue to believe that it is a holy duty on their part to continue to blow up people, places and things in the name of protecting their ideologies. The ones, who prompt them to do so, are always their masters who never come out in the open. They send these pawns to the death row, quite effortlessly, while they continue to live their lives happily in air – conditioned comforts.

Many a learned scholar of Islam has condemned these acts and continues to do so, on a regular basis. However, all such mercenary individuals are pawns in the hands of arms dealers and clandestine arms manufacturers who continue to play havoc with the principles of human dignity and sell their weapons of destruction to them and enrich themselves with the wealth gotten from violence thereof. It is an industry that thrives on many false notions of ideologies and they are laughing their ways to the banks while the poor misguided souls lie torn to pieces on the streets of the world. Those who send them to their gory deaths are none but the secret agents of these arms dealers, masquerading as heads of various ideological schools of thoughts.

They are to be blamed for creating much bloodshed among mankind. The religious texts by themselves do not stoke violence or killings, as that is not the context of their viewpoint at all. Not a single religious text written in the world worships violence of the nature we see today. In the present instance, we can say that the violence being staged in the world is of a cosmetic nature, destined to keep the arms manufacturers busy with their trade. The recruits for them are also as easy as it can come, with so much of discontent everywhere in the civilized world of ours as it is.

And, surrender by brainwashing or mind control is an art that has been perfected to an occupation, by a few. The weaklings in our society are also the ones who allow themselves to be easily coerced into believing that the immoral is moral, even though they may be doctors, engineers, scientists or mere casual labourers. The WTC mercenaries were educated pilots and engineers who wreaked havoc on that devastating September 11, a decade ago, now rephrased as 9/11 by the imaginative Americans.

Often that is the reason we look at the perpetrators of such violence in awe. How could they do something like that, we ask ourselves. The answer is simple. The minds of all of us are different and react to situations differently at all times. Our perceptions differ and it is well nigh impossible to find a common thread that will unite our thoughts together. Human beings are forever enigmatic. It is this that makes life so unpredictable and uncertain. These same people who share a public transport, a public lunch, or even a party together with us can be the carriers of the germ of hatred, not clearly visible to themselves also. They are programmed to believe in the other moral, which for the rest of us is definitely immoral. 

The most hardcore of these brainwashed robotic killers come from the dreaded Islamic Hamas in Palestine, and they are really ruthless in the extent of the damage they inflict on innocent humanity around them. They are fighting a legitimate cause undoubtedly, and can be accorded the status of a war. But the Israeli – Muslim conflict is nothing new to the history of humanity. They have been fighting ferociously since long ago, and Israel is a recent entity, fighting for survival too. So the fight is evenly balanced. And both parties know that it is legally acceptable to fight like that. The Israeli response to any Palestinian attack on their citizens is equally ruthless. Hence, the equations are well balanced, calling for American policing in a mild manner to favour the Israelis. After all, the biggest business owners in the USA and other parts of the world are the Israelis, known more popularly by their religious creed, as Jews. The rest is history, as they say.

Now, these are the same men who continue to encourage violence in our midst, as a means of achieving Utopian dreams of peace and progress. It can never happen! Peace is as elusive as the brightness of day meeting the darkness of night on common grounds. As long as education does not teach us the reality, and history does not talk the truth, we shall continue to live in fool’s paradise, which is where we are today. Believe me! The Devil is ruling the roost! Challenge me on that, and you shall win. Because, the lie is always stronger than the truth!

Read more / Original news source: http://kanglaonline.com/2011/09/lies-stronger-than-truths/

By  G.S. Oinam
Today, the kuki are hardly remembered as the same people who had played prominent roles at various juncture of history. They are the people whose past had been a story of warlords, Chieftains, heroic struggles and sacrifice. They are perhaps denied the place they deserve in the history, particularly of the recent past. Perverted minds have projected the Kukis as a people with no significant history. This is utter nonsense, and rather a manipulation of historical facts. The Kukis should be given a fair deal before such distortion of history crosses the limit. There is hardly any serious acknowledgement of the existence of kuki living space or lebensraum. This might be owing to lack of information or lack of enthusiasm on the part of academics and others concerned. 

Kuki lebensraum is the ‘land of freedom’, a land where one can freely move about. The linguistic survey of India, Vol. III, part III, by G.A. Grierson, published in 1904 by government of India, provides a general idea of the geographical spread of kukis’ living space. An excerpt is reproduced as follows: 

Territory inhabited by the kuki tribes extends from the Naga Hills in the North down into the Sandoway district of Burma in the south; from the Myattha River in the east, almost to the Bay of Bengal in the west. 

Who are the Kukis? 
The tribes Aimol, Anal, Chiru, Chongloi, Chothe, Hangsing, Doungel, Gangte, Guite, Haokip, Hmar, Kipgen, Kom, Lhungdim, Lamkang, Lunkim, Changsan, Lenthang, Thangeo, Kolhen, Lhangum, Lhanghal, Milhem, Maring, Mate, Mozo-Monshang, Paite, Sitlhon, Lhouvum and Singsit, Simte, Baite Tarao, Touthang, Vaphei, Zou, etc., may loosely be put under one egalitarian ethnic entity called Kukis. 

However, some of these tribes mentioned above have been assimilated into Naga. This is because of a fear psychosis perpetrated by the bloody ethnic cleansing carried out by the National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN-IM). However, they are racking back their genealogy to define themselves as Kuki or Naga. 

Freedom and Sovereignty was what Kukis possessed in their land. Their territory stretch from the Chindwin River in the east, the Naga Hills in the north, North Cachar Hills in the west and the Chittagong hill tracts in the south. Until about a century ago these hills were not largely populated. The Kukis reigned supreme over these hills and moved about freely as an eagle in flight. 

The erstwhile kuki lebensraum, as indicated earlier, still remains identifiable. By signing the treaty of 1834, the British handed over a huge part of it to Burma (Myanmar), only in order to appease the Burmese king. The kukis resisted the British advance into the Chittagong hills and lower Assam during 1840s to 1860s. But they could not withstand the colonial might and were pushed into the eastern interiors. Nevertheless, every now and then the kukis continued to menace the British imperialistic designs. Therefore, the British instituted a boundary commission to weaken kuki, and so ignoring their living space, demarcation between Manipur (India) and Burma came into effect in 1898. By this demarcation the kukis were put under two separate administrations and their territory was dismembered 

During First World War, the Kukis started rising with a new vigour against the British, whish lasted for here years (1917-1919). This time, too, the kukis could not do any substantial damage to the mighty British Empire. They suffered untold miseries and vigorous repression at the hands of the British. Then, in the early 1940’s, hundreds of kukis joined the Indian army (I) and fought the British, yet again. More than one hundred and fifty INA (Indian National Army ) pensioners are still alive. 

Both India and Burma were given political emancipation in 1947. Even then the same political dispensation of the British raj continued. Administrative arrangements of the previous colonial regime became the edifice upon which the new orders were built. The boundary lines of the new nations and their states fragmented the entire kuki lebensraum. This is a tragic reality. To make matters worse a series of ill conceived, half-hearted, myopic, legislations and policies made things worse for the kukis, both in India and Myanmar. 

The state law and order restoration committee (SLORC) of Myanmar have been exacting forced labour from the kukis in the Kabow Valley. Many kukis have been dispossessed of their land by the Myanmar army; for instance, waksu village was completely wiped out in 1992. In 1967, the government of the revolutionary council, headed by Ne-Win, severely punished 20,000 kukis in the ‘Khadawmi operation’. This operation, which was led by U Muangi, was carried out under the pretext that these kukis were holding bogus national registration and family registration cards. 

Consequently, many kukis were forced to leave Burma even though they were natives of the country. In the beginning of 1993, Nung Kam , a kuki village was burnt and bulldozed, and in its place, ‘Saya San Ywo’, a new military settlement was set up. The ostensible reason for this was that kukis refused to convert to Buddhism. The kuki students’ democratic front, Burma, has been highlighting these human rights violations committed by SLORC. All these incidents of harassment and discrimination by the Myanmar military regime have been a matter of great concern. 

In the recent past the Kukis entered a most gloomy phase when the NSCN-IM started its ethnic cleansing campaign against them, particularly in the hills of Manipur. This process of ethnic cleansing, which began in 1992, wiped out hundreds of Kuki villages and eliminated over a thousand innocent Kukis. The victims included prominent Kuki Chiefs, leaders and educated youths. This was perhaps done as a strategy to instill a kind of fear psychosis in the minds of all the Kukis. 

The NSCN-IM also extracted land tax from the Kukis, even though they had inhabited the land since time immemorial. One can easily verify this truth from the folk tales and legends of the Meiteis, Mizos, Awas (Burmese), Tripuris and Ahoms (Assamese). 

Discontentment, sufferings and frustration led the Kukis to resort to armed resistance. But, they are a people who really love to live in peace and dignity. They believe in communal harmony whether it is in the Indian states of Manipur, Nagaland, Assam, Tripura, Mizoram or in Myanmar (Burma). 

Kukis armed insurgency movement is the result of cummulative effect of Naga insurgency coupled with its integration movement in North-East. Issues on Naga’s territorial integration have created a serious problem in Kukis integrity in north-East. Now, kukis are tracing back their genealogy with the help of Culture, Folk-tales etc. They can’t forget age old Naga- Kuki clashes and ethnic cleansing. Any attempt to pamper Nagas at the cost of Kuki’s interest will not be tolerated and may lead only to violent uprising. Home Ministry should put up the Kuki’s problem on the table before Centre and NSCN (IM) peace talk. Only then, Centre can regain the gradually losing faith of peace loving Kukis. 

In Conclusion: 
Kuki identity should be protected, Kuki dignity should be maintained, 
Kuki socio-politico-economic rights should be safeguarded, 
Kuki tradition and culture should be respected, and above all 
Kuki Lebensraum must be recognized. 
Then, and only then, will the Kukis be able to live in peace and dignity in their Lebensraum, i.e. between Chindwin (Myanmar) and Brahmaputra (India).

Read more / Original news source: http://kanglaonline.com/2011/09/kuki-lebensraum/

By Thongkholal Haokip
Since the early 1970s, Manipur has been witnessing occasional strikes and bandhs demanding upgradation of the Sadar Hills area of Senapati district into a full-fledged revenue district. Despite being fully aware of the necessity of its upgradation based on administrative convenience, successive Manipur governments have been repeatedly ignoring the wishes of the people. It is high time that the state government, instead of overlooking the issue, deals promptly with ingenuity and positive outcome.

SADAR is an abbreviation of Selected Area Development Administrative Region as found in the land records of Manipur. Likewise there are a number of SADARs in many states of India particularly Uttar Pradesh which were established by the British during their colonial rule in India. Thus, Sadar Hills is the hills overlooking and encircling the Imphal valley. Sadar Hills was conceived way back in 1933 by JC Higgins, the then British Political Agent in Manipur.

History of Sadar Hills
Before the Kuki Uprising of 1917-1919, there was no administration of the hill areas of Manipur. After the Uprising the British rulers felt the necessity of administrative control and thereby divided the hills into South-East and North-East subdivisions with its headquarters at Tamenglong and Ukhrul respectively. In 1933, the British created Sadar subdivision with its headquarters at Kangpokpi for administrative convenience.

With the signing of the “Merger Agreement” with India on September 21, 1949 by the Maharajah of Manipur Bodhachandra Singh, the state becomes “Part-C State” of the Indian Union. In 1969 Manipur was divided into five districts: Central (Imphal), North (Karong), South (Churachandpur), East (Ukhrul) and West (Tamenglong). The reorganisation of districts placed Sadar Hills as a sub-division of the North District (Karong). To fulfill the aspirations of the hill people the Government of India enacted the Manipur (Hill Areas) District Council Act, 1971. Section 3 of the Act divides the hill areas into six Autonomous District Councils or Hills Districts including Sadar Hills. Chandel, Tengnoupal and Chakpikarong continued to remain as hill sub-divisions under Central District. In the following years the four Autonomous District Councils (ADCs), Senapati, Tamenglong, Ukhrul and Churachandpur, were upgraded to a full revenue district. In 1974 three Subdivisions, Chakpikarong, Chandel, and Tengnoupal Hills, were merged and put under a separate Hill revenue district with its headquarters at Tengnoupal, which was later shifted to Chandel.

The Manipur North District came into existence on November 14, 1969 with its headquarters at Karong. Later the district headquarters was shifted to Senapati on December 13, 1976. In July 15, 1983, the district came to be known as Senapati District. Sadar Hills continues to be under the North District of Manipur awaiting to be declared as a full fledged revenue district even though it has a fully functional ADC since 1971.

Sadar Hills Movement and Manipur Governments
The demand for the creation of Sadar Hills district first came from the Kuki Chiefs’ Zonal Council in its meeting held on September 3, 1970. The leaders of Kuki Chiefs’ Zonal Council met the then Home Minister KC Pant in July 1971, and placed their demand for a separate district comprising of Sadar Hills. The delegates of the Kuki Chiefs’ Zonal Council again held a meeting with Security Commissioner on October 6, 1971 at Kholjang village. The Nayal Commission in 1974, not only recommended for the creation of Sadar Hills district, but also suggested for the inclusion of some adjoining areas of Senapati and Ukhrul for administrative convenience and development. However, all these demands, talks and recommendations failed to produce any result.

Under the auspicious of the Kuki National Assembly the Sadar Hills District Demand Committee (SHDDC) was formed in 1974 to demand a full-fledge revenue district status for the Sadar Hills Autonomous District Council, consisting of Saikul, Kangpokpi and Saitu subdivisions. Ever since Manipur attained full fledged statehood in 1972 several state ministries made attempts to declare Sadar Hills as a full fledged revenue district. The first attempt was made by the Rishang Keishing’s Congress government in 1982. The ministry put up an ordinance to the Governor to declare Sadar Hills as district and the same was dully signed by the Governor but the ordinance was withdrawn due to opposition from the then Manipur Naga Council.

The 1990s was trying times in the politics of Manipur, marked by instability of state government ministries, the Kuki-Naga ethnic conflict and attempts by various coalition governments to inaugurate Sadar Hills as a revenue district.  RK Ranbir Singh’s United Front ministry endeavoured to upgrade Sadar Hills to a district status in 1990-91. But the political instability and downfall of the United Front Ministry at the centre prematurely ended the life of the state government, and so were their efforts. The succeeding Congress ministry of RK Dorendro Singh also put efforts during their regime without success.

After heading the Manipur State Congress Party government in December 1997, W Nipamacha Singh’s ministry gathered courage and even fixed a date in October 1997 to inaugurate Sadar Hills as a revenue district at Sapormeina. Adequate buildings were constructed and all functional departments were upgraded but the final decision was not made. In 1998 a new Assembly Constituency, Saitu, was created since all hill districts were having a minimum of three Assembly Constituencies each. To prepare Sadar Hills more for a full revenue district mini-Secretariat, Sports Complex, etc were constructed. The ADC now has all the paraphernalia of a district on ground and all offices functioning with an added prefix such as the Additional Deputy Commissioner, Additional Superintendent of Police, etc.

In the course of its untiring demand for Sadar Hills district several demonstrations, strikes and bandhs were called. Such peaceful movements were sometimes filled with gory incited by the state machinery apart from many untold miseries. In the past, two youths lost their lives. In 1981, Seikeng Haokip, who was part of a long silent procession from Sapormeina to Kangpokpi demanding Sadar Hill district, was shot dead by Manipur police in an attempt to disperse the crowd. In 2008, a grade VIII student, Lalminlien Sitlhou, was run down by a vehicle of security forces in Keithelmanbi while he was obstructing the highway in support of the demand for Sadar Hill district.

Contest for Land
Since the inception of Sadar Hills demand the Nagas oppose it based on their claims of being the first settlers or indigenous people and the Kukis as late settlers. This opposition is demonstrated by the unpublished Memorandum of Understanding between the United Naga Council (UNC) and Manipur Government to end the month long economic blockade of the UNC. It reads: “No Sadar Hills District will be created as a full-fledged Revenue District in the absence of the UNC representatives.”

Most ethnic communities in Northeast India migrated to their present settlements at some historical periods, mostly after the first century AD. The Nagas claimed Tamenglong, Senapati, Chandel and Ukhrul as their ancestral land based on folktales, oral traditions and British colonial gazetteers, reports and surveys. Such myths and colonial records need to be examined scientifically for practical purposes. Neither the Nagas nor Kukis have written historical records as they don’t have script of their own. In the absence of written history the claims based on such myths are more of a speculation. Colonial records are often used to substantiate their claims. In this regard, the British records often have prejudice and biased against the Kukis since the Kukis opposed colonialism as a rebellion from 1917-1919 and also in both the World Wars. In contrary to such claims, Majumdar and Bhattasali (History of India, 1930) refer to the Kukis as the earliest people known to have lived in prehistoric India, preceding the “Dravidians”. Even Cheitharol Kumpapa, the court chronicle of the kings of Manipur, and the Pooyas, the traditional records of the Meitei people, has some accounts of Kuki people and a king which dates back to 33 AD.

Thus, myths coupled with prejudiced colonial records, and even threats, were often used to oppose the Sadar Hills movement and its move to upgrade it to a revenue district.

Present Agitation
The election of new SHDDC leaders in June 2011 marked the revival for the demand of Sadar Hills district. The Sadar Hills District Demand Committee has been renamed as Sadar Hills Districthood Demand Committee to signify the readiness on the ground in terms of infrastructure and various processes needed, as the state government spelt out such requirement before and promised for the upgradation as and when done.

The committee requested the state government to declare Sadar Hills as full fledged district before July 31, failing which seven days economic blockade on the two national highways, NH-2 and NH-37, will be called and an indefinite economic blockade thereafter if there is no response from the government. On July 26, 2011, representatives of various Kuki civil bodies, Members of District Council and SHDDC staged a sit-in-protest demonstration at the office complex of the Additional Deputy Commissioner, Kangpokpi, against the 40 years denial of full fledged districthood to Sadar Hills Autonomous District Council. A memorandum addressing the Chief Minister of Manipur was submitted to the ADC Kangpokpi, by the leaders of the various bodies gathered there.

The non-response from the government forced the SHDDC leaders to impose economic blockade to the two lifeline of Manipur on August 1. On the second day the state government bullied the protest by imposing CrPC 144 in Sadar Hills area. Bandh supporters pelt stones at a truck defying the bandh and the driver lost control and run down on three girls who were beside the road. Due to the death of the innocents the SHDDC leaders declare indefinite bandh on the evening of the second day. On the third day, procession was held at Kangpokpi carrying the dead bodies of the previous day’s accident victims demanding for the upgradation. Six drivers were hurt seriously and as many as six vehicles were torched by the bandh supporters. As the bandh continues various Naga tribes and civil bodies started playing the communal card. The UNC, the All Naga Students’ Association Manipur, Senapati District Students’ Association stated that they will not accept bifurcation of “Naga areas” without the wishes and consent of the Naga people. After two weeks of the imbroglio the Manipur Cabinet decided to deploy foolproof security along the two National Highways to ensure normal traffic from August 16. Meanwhile, the SHDDC representatives left for New Delhi to present their case to the Prime Minister.

The gory and destruction of property will continue unless the state government put aside its adamant attitude. And if the indefinite bandh continues, a time is near when there will be acute shortage of essential commodities in the whole state.

The Churning
The historical marginalisation of the Kukis, and the people of Sadar Hills in particular, is mainly attributed to the measures adopted by the British colonialist followed by the successive Manipur and Central governments. During the British colonial period administrative posts were set up at Tamenglong and Ukhrul to displace the original Kuki bases of Laijang and Chassad. Whereas the District Councils dominated by the Nagas were upgraded to a full-fledged revenue districts in no time when Manipur attained statehood in 1972, the Kuki dominated District Councils, Sadar Hills and Tengnoupal, were left out although the later was upgraded in 1974. While the creation of districts such as Ukhrul and Tamenglong was not opposed by the Kukis living in those districts as it was based on administrative convenience. Putting the demand of Sadar Hills based on communal lines has eroded the whole fabric of collective Manipur life, incontestably.

The delay in granting districthood to Sadar Hills have denied the people the opportunities for all round development. In the memorandum submitted to the Chief Minister of Manipur on July 26, 2011, the SHDDC leaders estimated that an amount of Rupees 38,000 crores have been lost during the period of about 40 years due to delay in upgrading Sadar Hills to a revenue district. They lamented that such big amount of money could have been spent on socio-economic developments.

The general secretary of SHDDC, Tonghen Kipgen, stated that “we have lost our faith in the government due to their blatant lie of making promises after promises to grant Sadar Hills as a full fledged district”. To the supporters of Sadar Hills movement, it seems like the Manipur government is just paying lip service and continues to delude the people of Sadar Hills with false promises and the resulting false hopes.

Concluding Remarks
The demand to upgrade Sadar Hills to a full fledged district status is one of the longstanding district demands in the whole of India, which continues to linger in the politics of Manipur for the past four decades. It is ironic to see when the other five ADCs, which had been created together with Sadar Hills in 1971 were all granted full-fledged district status decades back, while the legitimate right of the people of Sadar Hills has been continually denied. When successive governments failed in their attempts to grant full fledged district status to Sadar Hills, more districts have been created in the valley in due course of time.

Even though the demand to upgrade Sadar Hills to a district predates the idea of bifurcating Imphal district, it was taken up together and was promised to be done together. While Imphal was bifurcated on June 18, 1997 into East and West districts, Sadar Hills was left in the dark. Now when the agitation in Sadar Hills arises again, the Chief Minister stated that Sadar Hills will be discussed together with the plan to create Jiribam district and the newly emerging demands to bifurcate Ukhrul and Churachandpur into two districts each. This shows great insensitive to the feelings of the people of Sadar Hills and breeds more of a sense of anger and frustration.

The delay in granting full-fledged revenue district has not only lost precious lives and unnecessary economic hardship during the agitations. The anger and frustration of the people of Sadar Hills can cause much damage, widening the gaps between the already fragile ethnic relations, and thereby even inciting communal feeling between ethnic groups.

However, granting full fledged revenue district status to Sadar Hills will undoubtedly improve not only the trust deficit that has been existing and dividing the Hill and Valley people, but also between the Kukis and Nagas in the hills of Manipur. If their demand is not taken care, there can be scaling in their demand and agitation as mentioned by the committee leaders.

It needs to be realised that all districts in Manipur were created based on administrative convenience and developmental needs and not based on communal lines. Justice denied to the people of Sadar Hills needs to be addressed soon so that peace and goodwill exists between the ethnic communities in Manipur.

Read more / Original news source: http://kanglaonline.com/2011/09/decades-of-sadar-hills-demand/